原始南島語
原始南島語（Proto-Austronesian language (PAN/PAn)、古南島語）是經由重建的南島語系之祖語。南島語系為全世界最大的語系之一，其下之語系的祖語諸如原始馬來-波利尼西亞語族、原始大洋洲語族，及原始波利尼西亞語族也經由如此的方法重建。
語音系統
白樂思重建之語音系統
底下為白樂思重建之原始南島語之語音系統常用符號：
- *C: 清齒齦塞擦音
- *c: 清硬顎擦音
- *q: 小舌塞音或聲門塞音
- *z: 濁硬顎擦音
- *D: 濁軟顎塞音
- *j: 顎音化濁軟顎塞音
- *S: 清齒齦擦音
- *N: 顎音化齒齦邊音
- *r: 齒齦閃音
- *R: 齿龈颤音或小舌顫音
| 雙唇音 | 齿龈音 | 硬顎音 | 捲舌音 | 軟顎音 | 聲門音 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 清塞音 | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q /q/[1] or /ʔ/ | ||||||||
| 濁塞音 | b /b/ | d /d/ | D /ɖ/ | g /ɡ/; j /ɡʲ/ | ||||||||
| 鼻音 | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||||||
| 擦音 | S /s/ | s /ç/ | h /h/ | |||||||||
| 擦音 | C /t͡s/ | c /c͡ç/,[2] z /ɟ͡ʝ/[3] | ||||||||||
| 邊音 | l /l/ | N /lʲ/ | ||||||||||
| 閃音或顫音 | r /ɾ/; R /r/ or /ʀ/[4] | |||||||||||
| 近音 | w /w/ | y /j/ | ||||||||||
原始南島語之元音為:/a/, /i/, /u/，及/ə/。
| 音高 | 前元音 | 央元音 | 後元音 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 閉元音 | i /i/ | u /u/ | |||||
| 中元音 | ə /ə/ | ||||||
| 開元音 | a /a/ |
双元音其個別元音之歷時來源(diachronic sources)分別為：
- *-ay
- *-aw
- *-uy
- *-iw
沃爾夫重建之語音系統
| 雙唇音 | 齿龈音 | 硬顎音 | 軟顎音 | 聲門音 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 清塞音 | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /c/ | k /k/ | q /q/[1] | |||||
| 濁塞音 | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | ɣ /ɣ/ | |||||
| 鼻音 | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||||
| 擦音 | s /s/ | h /h/ | ||||||||
| 邊音 | l /l/ | ɬ /ʎ/ | ||||||||
| 近音 | w /w/ | y /j/ | ||||||||
| 沃爾夫 | 白樂思 |
|---|---|
| p | p |
| t | C, t |
| k | k |
| 無 | T, c |
| q | q |
| b | b |
| 無 | d |
| d | D |
| j | z |
| 無 | Z |
| g | j |
| 無 | g |
| ɣ | ʀ |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| ɬ | ñ, N, L |
| ŋ | ŋ |
| l | l |
| 無 | r |
| c | s |
| s | S |
| h | H1 (H2) |
| w | w |
| y | y |
註釋
註釋
- q /q/ is uvular
- c /c͡ç/ is unvoiced.
- z /ɟ͡ʝ/ is voiced.
- /ʀ/ is uvular.
參考文獻
- Alexandre Bouchard-Côtéa,1, David Hallb, Thomas L. Griffithsc, and Dan Kleinb. 2012."Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change",PNAS,December 22, 2012.
- Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K., Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei, Taiwan: Academica Sinica. https://web.archive.org/web/20170409095340/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=280
- Blust, Robert A. 2009. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-602-5, ISBN 978-0-85883-602-0.
- Cohen, E. M. Kempler. 1999. Fundaments of Austronesian roots and etymology. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283. https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020518/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/
- Wolff, John U. 2010. Proto-Austronesian phonology with glossary. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
外部連結
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