激活函数

下表列出了幾個激活函数，它們的輸入為單一變量。

名稱	函數圖形	方程式	導數	區間	Order of continuity	單調	Derivative Monotonic	Approximates identity near the origin
恆等函數		${\displaystyle f(x)=x}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=1}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	是	是
單位階躍函數		${\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}x\neq 0\\?&{\text{for }}x=0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle \{0,1\}}$	${\displaystyle C^{-1}}$	是	否	否
邏輯函數 (也被稱為S函數)		${\displaystyle f(x)=\sigma (x)={\frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=f(x)(1-f(x))}$	${\displaystyle (0,1)}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	否	否
雙曲正切函數		${\displaystyle f(x)=\tanh(x)={\frac {(e^{x}-e^{-x})}{(e^{x}+e^{-x})}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=1-f(x)^{2}}$	${\displaystyle (-1,1)}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	否	是
反正切函數		${\displaystyle f(x)=\tan ^{-1}(x)}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{x^{2}+1}}}$	${\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	否	是
Softsign函數[1][2]		${\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {x}{1+|x|}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{(1+|x|)^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle (-1,1)}$	${\displaystyle C^{1}}$	是	否	是
反平方根函數(ISRU)[3]		${\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+\alpha x^{2}}}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\alpha x^{2}}}}\right)^{3}}$	${\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {\alpha }}},{\frac {1}{\sqrt {\alpha }}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	否	是
線性整流函數(ReLU)		${\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle [0,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	是	是	否
帶泄露線性整流函數(Leaky ReLU)		${\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}0.01x&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\begin{cases}0.01&{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	是	是	否
參數化線性整流函數(PReLU)[4]		${\displaystyle f(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}\alpha x&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}\alpha &{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	Yes iff ${\displaystyle \alpha \geq 0}$	是	Yes iff ${\displaystyle \alpha =1}$
帶泄露隨機線性整流函數(RReLU)[5]		${\displaystyle f(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}\alpha x&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}\alpha &{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	是	是	否
指數線性函數(ELU)[6]		${\displaystyle f(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}\alpha (e^{x}-1)&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}f(\alpha ,x)+\alpha &{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\alpha ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}C_{1}&{\text{when }}\alpha =1\\C_{0}&{\text{otherwise }}\end{cases}}}$	Yes iff ${\displaystyle \alpha \geq 0}$	Yes iff ${\displaystyle 0\leq \alpha \leq 1}$	Yes iff ${\displaystyle \alpha =1}$
擴展指數線性函數(SELU)[7]		${\displaystyle f(\alpha ,x)=\lambda {\begin{cases}\alpha (e^{x}-1)&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$ with ${\displaystyle \lambda =1.0507}$ and ${\displaystyle \alpha =1.67326}$	${\displaystyle f'(\alpha ,x)=\lambda {\begin{cases}\alpha (e^{x})&{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\lambda \alpha ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	是	否	否
S 型線性整流激活函數(SReLU)[8]		${\displaystyle f_{t_{l},a_{l},t_{r},a_{r}}(x)={\begin{cases}t_{l}+a_{l}(x-t_{l})&{\text{for }}x\leq t_{l}\\x&{\text{for }}t_{l}<x<t_{r}\\t_{r}+a_{r}(x-t_{r})&{\text{for }}x\geq t_{r}\end{cases}}}$ ${\displaystyle t_{l},a_{l},t_{r},a_{r}}$ are parameters.	${\displaystyle f'_{t_{l},a_{l},t_{r},a_{r}}(x)={\begin{cases}a_{l}&{\text{for }}x\leq t_{l}\\1&{\text{for }}t_{l}<x<t_{r}\\a_{r}&{\text{for }}x\geq t_{r}\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	否	否	否
反平方根線性函數(ISRLU)[3]		${\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+\alpha x^{2}}}}&{\text{for }}x<0\\x&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\begin{cases}\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\alpha x^{2}}}}\right)^{3}&{\text{for }}x<0\\1&{\text{for }}x\geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle \left(-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {\alpha }}},\infty \right)}$	${\displaystyle C^{2}}$	是	是	是
自適應分段線性函數(APL)[9]		${\displaystyle f(x)=\max(0,x)+\sum _{s=1}^{S}a_{i}^{s}\max(0,-x+b_{i}^{s})}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=H(x)-\sum _{s=1}^{S}a_{i}^{s}H(-x+b_{i}^{s})}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$	否	否	否
SoftPlus函數[10]		${\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(1+e^{x})}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}}$	${\displaystyle (0,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	是	否
彎曲恆等函數		${\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}-1}{2}}+x}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\frac {x}{2{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}}}+1}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	是	是
Sigmoid-weighted linear unit (SiLU)[11] (也被稱為Swish[12])		${\displaystyle f(x)=x\cdot \sigma (x)}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=f(x)+\sigma (x)(1-f(x))}$	${\displaystyle [\approx -0.28,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	否	否	否
SoftExponential函數[13]		${\displaystyle f(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}-{\frac {\ln(1-\alpha (x+\alpha ))}{\alpha }}&{\text{for }}\alpha <0\\x&{\text{for }}\alpha =0\\{\frac {e^{\alpha x}-1}{\alpha }}+\alpha &{\text{for }}\alpha >0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(\alpha ,x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{1-\alpha (\alpha +x)}}&{\text{for }}\alpha <0\\e^{\alpha x}&{\text{for }}\alpha \geq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	是	是	Yes iff ${\displaystyle \alpha =0}$
正弦函數		${\displaystyle f(x)=\sin(x)}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=\cos(x)}$	${\displaystyle [-1,1]}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	否	否	是
Sinc函數		${\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}1&{\text{for }}x=0\\{\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}&{\text{for }}x\neq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}x=0\\{\frac {\cos(x)}{x}}-{\frac {\sin(x)}{x^{2}}}&{\text{for }}x\neq 0\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle [\approx -.217234,1]}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	否	否	否
高斯函數		${\displaystyle f(x)=e^{-x^{2}}}$	${\displaystyle f'(x)=-2xe^{-x^{2}}}$	${\displaystyle (0,1]}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$	否	否	否

^ 此處H是單位階躍函數。

^ α是在訓練時間從均勻分佈中抽取的隨機變量，並且在測試時間固定為分佈的期望值。

^ ^ ^ 此處${\displaystyle \sigma }$是邏輯函數。

下表列出了幾個激活函数，它們的輸入為多個變量。

名稱	方程式	導數	區間	Order of continuity
Softmax函數	${\displaystyle f_{i}({\vec {x}})={\frac {e^{x_{i}}}{\sum _{j=1}^{J}e^{x_{j}}}}}$    for i = 1, …, J	${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f_{i}({\vec {x}})}{\partial x_{j}}}=f_{i}({\vec {x}})(\delta _{ij}-f_{j}({\vec {x}}))}$	${\displaystyle (0,1)}$	${\displaystyle C^{\infty }}$
Maxout函數[14]	${\displaystyle f({\vec {x}})=\max _{i}x_{i}}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{j}}}={\begin{cases}1&{\text{for }}j={\underset {i}{\operatorname {argmax} }}\,x_{i}\\0&{\text{for }}j\neq {\underset {i}{\operatorname {argmax} }}\,x_{i}\end{cases}}}$	${\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )}$	${\displaystyle C^{0}}$

^ 此處δ是克羅內克δ函數。

• 邏輯函數
• 線性整流函數
• Softmax函數
• 人工神經網路
• 深度學習

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