缅甸语
缅甸语()属汉藏语系藏缅语族,以仰光音为标准。它是缅甸联邦的官方语言,在該國有大约3200万人使用,而且在孟加拉国、马来西亚、泰国、美国也有少量分布。
缅甸语 | |
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myanma bhatha | |
区域 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
母语使用人数 | 总人数:3200万 第二语言:1000万(日期不详) |
語系 | |
文字 | 缅文 |
官方地位 | |
作为官方语言 | ![]() ![]() |
管理机构 | 缅甸语委员会 |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | my |
ISO 639-2 | bur (B) mya (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mya |
入聲獨立算的話,缅甸语一共有四个声调,分别是高平、高降、低平、高降而短促的入聲。
缅甸文字的特征是它呈圆形,這是因為古時候的緬甸文是書寫在棕櫚葉上的,必須設計圓弧形的筆劃才能避免劃破葉面。字符的構成是以輔音字母與元音拼合後形成音節符號。
历史演变
缅甸文在某种程度上代表古缅甸语,因此可以用缅甸文的罗马转写来推测古缅甸文的发音,从此也可以看出其与仰光话之间的巨大的区别。
緬甸文的拉丁字母轉寫方案主要有John Okell制定的Okell拼音,緬甸語委會制定的語委拼音等。
音系
辅音
双唇音 | 齿音 | 齿龈音 | 舌面音 和软颚音 |
硬颚音和 唇化舌根音 |
喉音 | 无发音部位 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
塞音和塞擦音 | pʰ p b | tʰ t d | tʃʰ tʃ dʒ | kʰ k g | ʔ | ||
鼻音 | m̥ m | n̥ n | ɲ̥ ɲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | ~ (鼻化元音) | ||
擦音 | θ (ð) | sʰ s z | ʃ | h | |||
半元音 | (r) | j | (ʍ) w | ||||
边音 | l̥ l |
參考文獻
- Julie D. Allen; 等 (编). . (PDF). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. April 2012: 368–373. ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3.
- Aung-Thwin, Michael. illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
- Aung Bala. . Contributions to Asian Studies. 1981, 16.
- Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten. (PDF). Center for Applied Linguistics. 2007 [2010-08-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-27).
- Benedict, Paul K. . Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society). Oct–Dec 1948, 68 (4). JSTOR 595942. doi:10.2307/595942.
- Bradley, David. (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area (Melbourne: La Trobe University). Spring 1993, 16 (1).
- Bradley, David. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill , 编. 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
- Bradley, David. 1. Walter de Gruyter. 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
- Bradley, David. (PDF). South-east Asian Linguisitics: Essays in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London). 1989: 147–162 [2016-10-17]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-11).
- Bradley, David. . Martin J. Ball (编). (PDF). Routledge. 2010: 98–99. ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-07-16).
- Bradley, David. (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: studies in Burmese languages (Australian National University). 1995, (A-83): 139–172.
- Bradley, David. . SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. May 2011 [19 October 2013].
- Bradley, David. . Language and Linguistics. 2012, 13 (1): 171–192.
- Chang, Charles Bond. (B.A.论文). Harvard University. 2003 [2011-05-24].
- Chang, Charles B. (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2009, 1: 77–94.
- Harvey, G. E. . London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony. . University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- Hill, Nathan W. (PDF). Transactions of the Philological Society. 2012, 110 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x.
- Hnin Tun, San San. . Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. 2001. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8.
- Houtman, Gustaaf. . Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 1990.
- Jones, Robert. McCoy, John; Light, Timothy , 编. . Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (E. J. Brill). 1986.
- Khin Min, Maung. . Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center. 1987 [2008-07-29]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-23).
- Lieberman, Victor B. . Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Nishi, Yoshio. (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (国立民族学博物館). 30 October 1998, 23 (1): 253–260.
- Nishi, Yoshio. (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (国立民族学博物館). 31 March 1998, 22: 975–999. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年10月22日).
- Okell, John. (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 2002. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7.
- . Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4.
- San San Hnin Tun. (PDF) (Thesis). University of Nottingham. 2006 [2013-10-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-21).
- Taw Sein Ko. . Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Taylor, L. F. . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies (Cambridge University Press). 1920, 1 (4). JSTOR 607065. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101685.
- Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin. . The Journal of Burma Studies. 1999, 4.
- Wheatley, Julian. . Randy J. LaPolla, Graham Thurgood (编). . Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-79717-1.
- Aung Zaw. . The Irrawaddy (Chiang Mai). September 2010, 18 (9). (原始内容存档于2010-09-18).
- Wheatley, Julian K. . B. Comrie (ed.) (编). . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987: 834–54. ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3.
- Yanson, Rudolf A. Nathan Hill , 编. . Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. 2012: 17–29. ISBN 978-90-04-23202-0.
- Yanson, Rudolf. Uta Gärtner, Jens Lorenz , 编. . Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar (LIT Verlag Münster). 1994: 366–426. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9.
參考資料
- Becker, Alton L. . E. M. Bruner (ed.) (编). . Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. 1984: 135–55.
- Bernot, Denise. . Paris: SELAF. 1980. ISBN 2-85297-072-4 (法语).
- Cornyn, William Stewart. . Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1944.
- Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop. . New Haven: Yale University Press. 1968.
- Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; and Sigrid Lew. Paper presented at the 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 请检查
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值 (帮助). Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2012. - Green, Antony D. . J. Watkins (ed.) (编). . Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2005: 1–25. ISBN 0-85883-559-2.
- Okell, John. . London: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 0-7007-1136-8.
- Roop, D. Haigh. . New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-300-01528-3.
- Taw Sein Ko. . Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Watkins, Justin W. . Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2001, 31 (2): 291–95. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.
- Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner (编). . University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
- Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun. . Journal of Burma Studies. 2014, 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016.
參見
外部連結
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维基百科提供如下语言版本: 缅甸语维基百科 |
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维基词典有此种语言版本: |
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维基孵育场的維基教科書語言試驗版: 缅甸语試驗版 |
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關於一系列與缅甸语有關的詞語,參見維基詞典上缅甸语的詞語目錄 |
维基导游中有關Burmese phrasebook的旅遊指南
- Omniglot: Burmese Language 页面存档备份,存于
- Learn Burmese online
- Online Burmese lessons 页面存档备份,存于
- Burmese language resources 页面存档备份,存于 from SOAS
- . Unite for Literacy library. [2014-06-21].
- Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
- Myanmar 3 font and keyboard
- Burmese online dictionary (Unicode)
- Ayar Myanmar online dictionary 页面存档备份,存于
- Myanmar unicode character table
- Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip Ka Naung Converter Engine
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