被排斥的國家
被排斥的国家或放逐國家(Pariah state)指該國因其国际行为與國際規範脫軌,或在國際權力聯盟結構終缺乏穩定支持,而處於外交孤立或易受責難的国家,與國際法或國際規範脫軌的行為如支持恐怖主義或無視於國際法或外交規範、體制、或條約的國家行為。
歷史上的著名例子
採取種族隔離政策時期的南非,在軍售、外交、國際體育等活動受到孤立,是放逐的國家[1],當南非停止了種族隔離,南非從放逐的國家變成了一個在非洲及非洲以外經濟上與政治上有影響力的國家[2]。
自保行為
當放逐的國家面臨不友善的國際環境時,這些國家可能採取販賣自行生產及研發的武器以求支持的行動,更可能試圖自行研發核武器以保證自身安全,如以色列、南非及中華民國曾經採取此軍售及研發行動,而且南非更加成功研發核武器(於1990年宣佈銷毀所有核武器,1993年銷毀完成),以色列則被懷疑擁有核武器(可能60枚的核武器)。[3]而朝鮮民主主義人民共和國面臨國際制裁仍發展出了核武器,以回應國際的普遍敵意和宣示其自主性。朝鮮民主主義人民共和國政府至今仍無視國際制裁,顯示了其強硬的政策。
名单
在过去不同的时期裏,以下的国家或地区曾經或目前仍受到他國不同程度的排斥。
目前
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曾经
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参考文献
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- Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates. . Oxford University Press. 2010: 409. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9 (英语).
- James Ciment. . Routledge. 20 March 2015: 67. ISBN 978-1-317-47186-8 (英语).
the pariah states such as Israel, South Africa and Taiwan sold arms of their own manufacture as a way to shore up support in a hostile world.
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Despite the repeated denials that it is not a destabilising force in the volatile Horn of Africa region, Eritrea is widely regarded in the international community as a pariah state and is deeply mistrusted by its neighbours
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利比亞在短短3年的恐怖攻擊和專斷作為,已經造成它和西方世界的美、英、法、德等主要大國的直接衝突,也在1990年代初期因國際的制裁,而成為放逐國家(pariah state)。
- 北韓是「放逐國家」 歐巴馬:別挑釁
- Cathal J. Nolan. . . Greenwood Publishing Group: 1240. 1 January 2002. ISBN 978-0-313-32382-9 (英语).
A state which steps outside accepted international law, for instance, by supporting terrorism or by flaunting established legal and diplomatic norms, regimes, or conventions. See also international society; outlaw state
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- David Rodman. . Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, Neil Caplan (编). . State University of New York Press. 2000: 93. ISBN 978-0-7914-4422-1.
For most of the post-1967 period, Israel has been a pariah state in the world community
- Robert E. Harkavy. . International Organization (Cambridge University Press). 1981, 35 (1): 135–163. doi:10.1017/S0020818300004112.
In recent years, a new international actor—the pariah state—has mounted the global stage. Although rough historical precedents may be discerned, the present international system appears to have produced a novel phenomenon, whereby some isolated small states, lacking assured and credible outside security support, find themselves unable to take advantage of traditional balance-of-power mechanisms. Taiwan, South Africa, and Israel fit this description best, South Korea less so; Pakistan and Chile are also candidates.
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Israel has been defined as a pariah nation, suited to harboring a "settler people"
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Israel is a pariah
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Israel has been throughout most of its existence a pariah state in the midst of the Arab world
- Micah Zenko. . The New York Times. 8 March 2012.
Israel has pigeonholed itself as an international pariah, allowing adversaries and the nonaligned movement to use Israeli intransigence as an excuse to slow progress on nuclear nonproliferation objectives, including preventing a nuclear Iran
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- Leonard, Peter. . Associated Press. 6 July 2012 [5 April 2013].
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- Mugabe made Zimbabwe a pariah state, says Straw, Daily Telegraph, August 25, 2002
- Colin Mackerras; Donald H. McMillen; Andrew Watson. . Routledge. 16 December 2003: 39. ISBN 978-1-134-53175-2.
Beijing's reluctant reliance on Moscow as the Cold War developed .... at a time when US-led forces isolated and threatened it politically and economically from global affairs as a 'ariah state'
- Michael K. Connors; Rémy Davison; Jörn Dosch. . Routledge. 12 August 2004: 34. ISBN 978-1-134-45077-0 (英语).
By 2003, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was a state in transition, with the 'fourth generation' assuming ... before US policy makers appreciated the depth of the split, and the PRC remained a pariah state in international relations
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