单倍群Q-M242

单倍群Q-M242 （英語：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一，主要分布于美洲和欧亚大陆的種族當中。Q是单倍群P下游P1的一个分支（另一个分支是单倍群R）。

单倍群Q
起源时间1,7200-3,1700年前 [1][2][3] (大约2,4500年前)
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中亚[4][5] 、西伯利亚[2]
上游单倍群P1-M45
下游单倍群Q1 (L232/S432)
对应突变M242 rs8179021
分布区域克季人 93.8%,[6]

土庫曼人（卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國、約穆特人 ）73%,[7] 塞爾庫普人 66.4%.,[6] 阿尔泰人 63.6%.,[8] 图瓦人 62.5%.,[9] 切爾干人 60.0%.,[8] 图巴拉尔人 41%,[8] 西伯利亞韃靼人 38%,[10]

其他突厥人, 因纽特人, 美国原住民, 叶尼塞语系, 泰国的阿卡人, 孟高棉语族以及有些阿萨姆邦部落

美洲原住民、土庫曼人、叶尼塞人、图瓦人、达雅人、阿卡人等是世界上拥有最高单倍群Q频率的族群。單倍群Q在其他北亞人、中亞人、東亞人中也有少量分佈，一些欧洲人的后裔（例如罗伯特·奥本海默）也有单倍群Q。[11]

起源

单倍群Q-M242是单倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支為R-M207）。大约在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿尔泰地區[2]。

系統發生樹

下面是2015年ISOGG树。

  • Q-M242 M242
    • Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
      • Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
        • Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
          • Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
            • Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
          • Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b)
            • Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
        • Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
          • Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
            • Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
              • Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
                • Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
                  • Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
                • Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
              • Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
              • Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
          • Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
          • Q-F1161 F1161
            • Q-L527 L527
      • Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b)
        • Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1)
          • Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
            • Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
        • Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68)

子单倍群的分布

分布

美洲

前哥伦比亚时期的美洲土著人民拥有高频单倍群Q。这是因为遷徙新大陸模型：他们从远东穿过白令海峡移民到美洲。[2]

北美洲

北美46%的Q为Q-M3[44]

格陵兰：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家发现了一个4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近远东的Koryak和楚科奇人。[45]

瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均频率：82%。凯克卡塔有最低频率：30%。[46]

2010年，3.1%的美国男性为Q-M242。[47]

民族 美国人口百分比 † 单倍群Q频率
白人 63.7% Q-P36*0.6%, Q-M3 0.1%
西班牙裔美国人 16.3% Q-P36*3.8%, Q-M3 7.9%
黑人 12.6% Q-P36*(xM3) 0.2%
亚裔美国人 4.8% ~0%
美洲原住民 ‡ 0.9% Q-P36*31.2%和

, Q-M3 26.9%

来源 :[47]† 2010年美國人口普查[48]

‡大陆和阿拉斯卡，不包括太平洋岛屿

中南美洲

94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民拥有单倍群Q。[49]具有Q-M242单倍群的人群建立了许多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如：

由于欧洲的入侵以及大屠杀，很多现代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的。但是与北美相比，单倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。

国家分布：

亚洲

Q-M242起源于东亚。[2] 很多民族拥有这个单倍群：

北亚

西伯利亚、阿尔泰、贝加尔湖的民族Q-M242较多。[69]

  • 所有阿尔泰样本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3
    • 切爾干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)，
    • 图巴拉尔人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346)
    • Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120)
    • 阿爾泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 )[8] 或25.8%[70]（全部）

东亚

中国[17][18]

  • 2011年，复旦大学：3.3% (12/361)。[76]
  • 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。[77]

蒙古

朝鲜人：1.9%[84][85][86]

日本：0.3％[87][80][88][20][19] (静冈、埼玉縣)

东南亚

东南亚（或东盟）：[66]

越南：7.1%[89][90]

缅甸：2.8% (3/106）[91]

中亚

西亚

伊朗：5.5% (52/938)[30]

其他研究结果得出的频率接近。[99][100][101]

其他西亚国家：

高加索：[100]

南亚

阿富汗人：6.9%；普什图人：8.4% (9/49: 8个Q*，1个Q-M346)[13]

巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的东部：2.2% (14/638)[108]~3.4% (6/176).[28]

印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各阶层（印度种姓制度）；有罕见的Q-MEH2[5]

孟加拉国：9.7% (23/237: 查克马 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章将Q-M242归为P*(x R1,R2).[111]

尼泊尔的加德满都：1.2% Q-M242[24]

斯里蘭卡：3.3% Q-M242[89]

东欧

中欧、东欧、俄罗斯：1.7%男性为Q-M242

北欧

北欧：2.5%男性。

西欧

南欧

阿什肯納茲猶太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36[40]

塞法迪犹太人：2.3% (4/174)[138]~5.6% (3/53)[139]

也许由可萨人征服欧洲带来。

非洲

埃及人：0.7% (1/147),[33]

阿尔及利亚：0.6% (1/156)[100]

科摩罗、东非、马达加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也许因为南岛语系从中国移民到东非；或明朝的郑和)

世界上大约3.1%的男性为Q-M242。

古代考古遗址

参见

Subclades
  • Q-M242
  • Q-NWT01
  • Q-M120
  • Q-M25
  • Q-M346
  • Q-L53
  • Q-L54
  • Q-M3
  • Q-M323
  • Q-P89.1
  • Q-Z780
  • Q-L275

单倍群进化树

人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树

Y染色体最近共同祖先
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

阅读
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外部链接

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