乙醇 (藥物)

乙醇
系统（IUPAC）命名名称
	ethanol
临床数据
读音	/ˈɛθənɒl/
妊娠分级	US: C (不排除有风险的可能) ;
依赖性	中等[1]
成瘾性	中等（10–15%）[2]
给药途径	常見：口服、局部塗抹; 不常見：栓劑、吸入劑、眼劑、吹氣[3]、注射[4]
合法狀態
合法状态	AU: Unscheduled ; CA: OTC ; DE: Unscheduled ; NZ: Unscheduled ; UK: 一般销售列表 (GSL, OTC) ; US: OTC ;
药代动力学数据
生物利用度	80%+[5][6]
蛋白结合度	微弱，甚至完全沒有[5][6]
代谢	肝臟：（90%）[7][8]; •醇脫氫酶; •MEOS (CYP2E1)
代謝產物	乙醛、乙酸盐、乙酰辅酶A、二氧化碳、水、乙基葡萄糖醛酸酐、硫酸乙酯
開始出現藥效	最大濃度：[7][5]; • 範圍：30–90分鐘; •平均：45–60分鐘; •禁食：30分鐘
生物半衰期	一般濃度下是等速消除：[9][8][7]; • 範圍：10–34 mg/dL/hour; • 平均（男性）：15 mg/dL/hour; •平均（女性）18 mg/dL/hr; 非常高濃度（t1/2）： 4.0–4.5 小時[6][5]
作用时间	6–16 小時（其濃度可偵測的時間）[10]
排泄	• 主要：代谢（代謝為二氧化碳和水）[5]; • 次要：尿、呼吸、汗液（5–10%）[7][5]
识别
CAS注册号	64-17-5
ATC代码	V03AZ01
PubChem	CID 702
IUPHAR/BPS	2299
DrugBank	DB00898
ChemSpider	682
UNII	3K9958V90M
KEGG	D00068
ChEBI	CHEBI:16236
ChEMBL	CHEMBL545
其他名称	Absolute alcohol; Alcohol (USP); Cologne spirit; Drinking alcohol; Ethanol (JAN); Ethylic alcohol; EtOH; Ethyl alcohol; Ethyl hydrate; Ethyl hydroxide; Ethylol; Grain alcohol; Hydroxyethane; Methylcarbinol
PDB配体ID	EOH (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
化学
化学式	C2H6O
摩尔质量	46.0684 g/mol
	SMILES CCO;
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3; Key:LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
物理性质
密度	0.7893 g/cm3 (at 20 °C)[11]
熔点	−114.14正負0.03 °C（−173.45正負0.05 °F） [11]
沸点	78.24正負0.09 °C（172.83正負0.16 °F） [11]
水溶液	1000 mg/mL (20 °C)

酒精（英語：Alcohol）有時也稱為乙醇，是一種精神药物，也是酒類飲料（例如啤酒及葡萄酒）及蒸馏酒中的活性成份[12]。是年代最早，也是最常見的娛樂性用藥，過度飲用會出現酒精中毒（酒醉）的症狀[13]。酒精也可以帶來幸福感、欣快感、降低焦慮、提昇社交性、鎮靜，讓認知能力、記憶力、運動機能及感官變差，一般而言也抑制中樞神經系統功能。酒精是醇類中的一種，不過是唯一會用在娛樂用途的醇類，也是會出現在酒精飲料中的唯一一種醇類，其他醇類，像是甲醇、乙二醇及2-丙醇都具有毒性[12]。

酒精有許多短期及長期的不良反應。短期的不良反應包括神經認知功能變差、頭暈、恶心、呕吐以及類似宿醉的症狀。飲酒可能會成瘾，也就是酗酒，會有物質依賴的症狀，在減少飲酒後也會有戒斷症狀。酒精有許多長期的不良反應，例如肝臟受損[14]、大腦受損[15]，也是造成癌症病因的第五名[16]。酒精對健康的不良影響在過量飲酒或是頻繁飲酒時最明顯。不過其中有些副作用（例如增加特定種類癌症的風險）在輕度或是中度飲酒時就會出現[17]。若過量飲酒，可能會造成意識喪失，嚴重甚至會致命。

酒精在腦部作用的機制是增加稱為γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的神经递质的效果[18]，GABA是腦部主要的抑制性神经递质。因此酒精可以抑制中樞神經系統的作用[18]。酒精也會影響神经递质系統中的許多物質，例如谷氨酸、甘氨酸、乙酰胆碱及血清素[19][20]。酒精帶來的愉快感受是因為腦部中脑边缘通路中多巴胺及内源鴉片類藥物濃度上昇的效果[21][22]。不過酒精也有毒性，會讓身體不適，主要原因是因為酒精的代謝產物乙醛所造成[23]。

酒類因為其精神方面的效果，自從約一萬年前就已被人類製造並且飲用[24]。和其他的娛樂用藥物不同，大多數的國家允許飲酒，飲酒也是合法的行為。不過有些對於酒類購買及使用的限制，例如最低允許飲酒年齡，以及法律上有關公眾場合喝酒及酒後駕車的限制[25]。在許多文化中，酒類有其社交上及文化上的重要性，也有重要的社會層面意涵。像酒吧及夜總會等飲酒場所，其中有許多酒精飲料的銷售及消費，另外像是派對、节日及一些社交場合也常常會有酒類。飲酒也和許多的社會問題有關，例如車禍及交通意外、意外受傷、性侵犯、家庭暴力及暴力犯罪[26]。目前在一些中東國家仍有禁酒令禁止販售及飲用酒類。美國在1920年至1933年一度也實施過禁酒（美國禁酒令）。

參考資料

(PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2007: 23 [2015-03-03]. ISBN 9789241209441. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-03-20）. ...alcohol dependence (is) a substantial risk of regular heavy drinking...
Vengeliene V, Bilbao A, Molander A, Spanagel R. . British Journal of Pharmacology. May 2008, 154 (2): 299–315. PMC 2442440. PMID 18311194. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.30. (Compulsive alcohol use) occurs only in a limited proportion of about 10–15% of alcohol users....
Stogner JM, Eassey JM, Baldwin JM, Miller BL. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. September 2014, 142: 74–8. PMID 25012895. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.026.
Gilman JM, Ramchandani VA, Crouss T, Hommer DW. . Neuropsychopharmacology. January 2012, 37 (2): 467–77. PMC 3242308. PMID 21956438. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.206.
. Academic Press. 2013-05-17: 162– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-12-398361-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
Holford NH. . Clinical Pharmacokinetics. November 1987, 13 (5): 273–92. PMID 3319346. doi:10.2165/00003088-198713050-00001.
Pohorecky LA, Brick J. . Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1988, 36 (2–3): 335–427. PMID 3279433. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(88)90109-x.
Levine B. . Amer. Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry. 2003: 161– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-1-890883-87-4. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
Becker CE. . California Medicine. September 1970, 113 (3): 37–45. PMC 1501558. PMID 5457514.
Iber FL. . CRC Press. 1990-11-26: 74– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-8493-0166-7. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
Haynes, William M. (编). 92nd. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2011: 3.246. ISBN 1439855110.
Collins SE, Kirouac M. . Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. 2013: 61–65. ISBN 978-1-4419-1004-2. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_626.
(PDF). National Institute of Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: 134. June 2000 [2014-10-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-02-21）. The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Studies clearly indicate that alcohol is neurotoxic, with direct effects on nerve cells. Chronic alcohol abusers are at additional risk for brain injury from related causes, such as poor nutrition, liver disease, and head trauma.
Bruha R, Dvorak K, Petrtyl J. . World Journal of Hepatology. March 2012, 4 (3): 81–90. PMC 3321494. PMID 22489260. doi:10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.81.
Brust JC. . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. April 2010, 7 (4): 1540–57. PMC 2872345. PMID 20617045. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041540.
de Menezes RF, Bergmann A, Thuler LC. . Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2013, 14 (9): 4965–72. PMID 24175760. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.4965.
Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G, Rehm J, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. . Annals of Oncology. February 2013, 24 (2): 301–8. PMID 22910838. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds337.
Lobo IA, Harris RA. . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. July 2008, 90 (1): 90–4. PMC 2574824. PMID 18423561. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.006.
Narahashi T, Kuriyama K, Illes P, Wirkner K, Fischer W, Mühlberg K, Scheibler P, Allgaier C, Minami K, Lovinger D, Lallemand F, Ward RJ, DeWitte P, Itatsu T, Takei Y, Oide H, Hirose M, Wang XE, Watanabe S, Tateyama M, Ochi R, Sato N. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. May 2001, 25 (5 Suppl ISBRA): 182S–188S. PMID 11391069. doi:10.1097/00000374-200105051-00030.
Olsen RW, Li GD, Wallner M, Trudell JR, Bertaccini EJ, Lindahl E, Miller KW, Alkana RL, Davies DL. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. March 2014, 38 (3): 595–603. PMC 3959612. PMID 24164436. doi:10.1111/acer.12283.
Charlet K, Beck A, Heinz A. . Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 2013, 13: 461–88. ISBN 978-3-642-28719-0. PMID 21533679. doi:10.1007/7854_2011_130.
Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M. . Current Drug Abuse Reviews. June 2008, 1 (2): 239–52. PMID 19630722. doi:10.2174/1874473710801020239.
Burcham PC. . Springer Science & Business Media. 2013-11-19: 42– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-1-4471-5553-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.
McGovern PE, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang Z, Hall GR, Moreau RA, Nuñez A, Butrym ED, Richards MP, Wang CS, Cheng G, Zhao Z, Wang C. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. December 2004, 101 (51): 17593–8. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117593M. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102.
. Babor, Thomas. 2nd. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-955114-9. OCLC 656362316.
Butcher JN, Hooley JM, Mineka SM. . Pearson Education. 2013-06-25: 370 [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-205-97175-6. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.

延伸閱讀

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism maintains a database of alcohol-related health effects. ETOH Archival Database (1972–2003) Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database.

外部連結

ChEBI – biology related 页面存档备份，存于
KEGG signal transduction pathway: KEGG – human alcohol addiction 页面存档备份，存于

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2007: 23 [2015-03-03]. ISBN 9789241209441. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-03-20）. ...alcohol dependence (is) a substantial risk of regular heavy drinking...

[2] Vengeliene V, Bilbao A, Molander A, Spanagel R. . British Journal of Pharmacology. May 2008, 154 (2): 299–315. PMC 2442440. PMID 18311194. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.30. (Compulsive alcohol use) occurs only in a limited proportion of about 10–15% of alcohol users....

[3] Stogner JM, Eassey JM, Baldwin JM, Miller BL. . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. September 2014, 142: 74–8. PMID 25012895. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.026.

[4] Gilman JM, Ramchandani VA, Crouss T, Hommer DW. . Neuropsychopharmacology. January 2012, 37 (2): 467–77. PMC 3242308. PMID 21956438. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.206.

[AcademicPress2013-5] . Academic Press. 2013-05-17: 162– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-12-398361-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.

[pmid3319346-6] Holford NH. . Clinical Pharmacokinetics. November 1987, 13 (5): 273–92. PMID 3319346. doi:10.2165/00003088-198713050-00001.

[pmid3279433-7] Pohorecky LA, Brick J. . Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1988, 36 (2–3): 335–427. PMID 3279433. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(88)90109-x.

[Levine2003-8] Levine B. . Amer. Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry. 2003: 161– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-1-890883-87-4. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.

[PMID_5457514-9] Becker CE. . California Medicine. September 1970, 113 (3): 37–45. PMC 1501558. PMID 5457514.

[Iber1990-10] Iber FL. . CRC Press. 1990-11-26: 74– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-8493-0166-7. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.

[CRC2-11] Haynes, William M. (编). 92nd. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2011: 3.246. ISBN 1439855110.

[CollinsKirouac2013-12] Collins SE, Kirouac M. . Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. 2013: 61–65. ISBN 978-1-4419-1004-2. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_626.

[13] (PDF). National Institute of Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: 134. June 2000 [2014-10-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-02-21）. The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Studies clearly indicate that alcohol is neurotoxic, with direct effects on nerve cells. Chronic alcohol abusers are at additional risk for brain injury from related causes, such as poor nutrition, liver disease, and head trauma.

[pmid22489260-14] Bruha R, Dvorak K, Petrtyl J. . World Journal of Hepatology. March 2012, 4 (3): 81–90. PMC 3321494. PMID 22489260. doi:10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.81.

[pmid20617045-15] Brust JC. . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. April 2010, 7 (4): 1540–57. PMC 2872345. PMID 20617045. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041540.

[pmid24175760-16] Menezes RF, Bergmann A, Thuler LC. . Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2013, 14 (9): 4965–72. PMID 24175760. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.4965.

[pmid22910838-17] Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G, Rehm J, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. . Annals of Oncology. February 2013, 24 (2): 301–8. PMID 22910838. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds337.

[pmid18423561-18] Lobo IA, Harris RA. . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. July 2008, 90 (1): 90–4. PMC 2574824. PMID 18423561. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.006.

[pmid11391069-19] Narahashi T, Kuriyama K, Illes P, Wirkner K, Fischer W, Mühlberg K, Scheibler P, Allgaier C, Minami K, Lovinger D, Lallemand F, Ward RJ, DeWitte P, Itatsu T, Takei Y, Oide H, Hirose M, Wang XE, Watanabe S, Tateyama M, Ochi R, Sato N. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. May 2001, 25 (5 Suppl ISBRA): 182S–188S. PMID 11391069. doi:10.1097/00000374-200105051-00030.

[pmid24164436-20] Olsen RW, Li GD, Wallner M, Trudell JR, Bertaccini EJ, Lindahl E, Miller KW, Alkana RL, Davies DL. . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. March 2014, 38 (3): 595–603. PMC 3959612. PMID 24164436. doi:10.1111/acer.12283.

[pmid21533679-21] Charlet K, Beck A, Heinz A. . Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 2013, 13: 461–88. ISBN 978-3-642-28719-0. PMID 21533679. doi:10.1007/7854_2011_130.

[pmid19630722-22] Méndez M, Morales-Mulia M. . Current Drug Abuse Reviews. June 2008, 1 (2): 239–52. PMID 19630722. doi:10.2174/1874473710801020239.

[Burcham2013-23] Burcham PC. . Springer Science & Business Media. 2013-11-19: 42– [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-1-4471-5553-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.

[pmid15590771-24] McGovern PE, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang Z, Hall GR, Moreau RA, Nuñez A, Butrym ED, Richards MP, Wang CS, Cheng G, Zhao Z, Wang C. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. December 2004, 101 (51): 17593–8. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117593M. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102.

[25] . Babor, Thomas. 2nd. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-955114-9. OCLC 656362316.

[ButcherHooley2013-26] Butcher JN, Hooley JM, Mineka SM. . Pearson Education. 2013-06-25: 370 [2020-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-205-97175-6. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）.

乙醇 (藥物)

相關條目

參考資料

延伸閱讀

外部連結