梨俱吠陀

梨俱吠陀》(梵語转写:),梵文由(“歌颂”)和(“知识”)两个词根构成,全名《梨俱吠陀本集》,漢譯為《歌詠明論》,是吠陀经中最早出現的一卷,成文於公元前16世纪到前11世纪,是除了赫梯语的文献外,在印欧语系语言中最古老的书籍。与其他文明的古老文献不同,它是以口传方式保存下来的。

19世纪初的天城文手抄本《梨俱吠陀》

內容

《梨俱吠陀》分十卷,收诗1028首﹐其中有11首被認為是附錄,最短的诗只有3节,最长的诗有58节,是雅利安人來到印度河两岸,对神的赞歌。

雅利安人將宇宙分为三界:天界、空界和地界,每一界有11个神,三界共33个神,天界的神有帝奥斯、婆楼那、苏利耶、乌莎、罗底利;空界的神有因陀罗、阿邦那波陀、鲁陀罗;地界之神有泼利提韦、阿耆尼、苏摩,這些深厚而豐富的精神思維體系,反映出雅利安人對於先智慧開導者們的崇拜與向往。因陀罗是古印度人部落的首领,骁勇善战,在公元前2000年征服印度,古印度人的诗人為了歌頌他而創作出200余首神曲。

《梨俱吠陀》中所記載的妖魔,後人推斷為古代印度的奴隶,西來的雅利安人又以“瓦爾那”來分別其階級,最後再转义为“种姓”,《梨俱吠陀》末卷出現了婆罗门刹帝利吠舍首陀罗四个种姓。

《梨俱吠陀》除颂神的诗歌外,还有世俗诗歌,有一些以婚礼爱情巫术甚至是賭博为内容的神曲,例如第六章俗谛神曲序《赌徒忏悔录》,描寫擲骰子的迷人之處,一位教徒賭輸後跪在神像前忏悔,哀号凄切,以及家中母亲和妻子的忧伤。這些作品都反映着吠陀时期人民的生活習俗

傳播

《梨俱吠陀》的成书时间大致是在公元前2000至1500年之间,由於本地印度人没有慣用文字記述,《梨俱吠陀》實際上是靠婆羅門祭司們代代口耳相传,爾后才有手稿。玄奘在迦湿弥罗的时候就曾读过“四吠陀”。19世紀欧洲人第一次刊印《梨俱吠陀》,有德、英、法等譯本。

參見

參考文獻

Editions
  • editio princeps: Friedrich Max Müller, The Hymns of the Rigveda, with Sayana's commentary, London, 1849–75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890–92.
  • Theodor Aufrecht, 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877.
  • Sontakke, N. S. . Sāyanachārya (commentary) First. . 1933.. The Editorial Board for the First Edition included N. S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V. K. , M. M. , and T. S. .
  • B. van Nooten und G. Holland, Rig Veda, a metrically restored text, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
  • Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H. H. Wilson, Ed. W.F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar,Delhi-7.
Commentary
  • Sayana (14th century)
    • ed. Müller 1849–75 (German translation);
    • ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts).
    • ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes.
  • Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita--sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala,Pune-9,1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts).
  • Sri Aurobindo, Hymns to the Mystic Fire (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5 页面存档备份,存于
  • Raimundo Pannikar (1972), The Vedic Experience, University of California Press
Philology
  • Vashishtha Narayan Jha, A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992).
  • Bjorn Merker, Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective, Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988.
  • Thomas Oberlies, Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien 1998.
  • Oldenberg, Hermann. . (please add), Wiesbaden 1982. 1894.
  • Die Religion des Veda. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
  • Vedic Hymns, The Sacred Books of the East vo, l. 46 ed. Friedrich Max Müller, Oxford 1897
  • Adolf Kaegi, The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint: ISBN 978-1-4179-8205-9.
  • Mallory, J. P.; 等. . Fitzroy Dearborn. 1989 (1997).
Historical
  • Anthony, David W., , Princeton University Press, 2007
  • Avari, Burjor, , London: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9
  • Bryant, Edwin. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
  • Flood, Gavin D., , Cambridge University Press, 1996
  • Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International.
  • Talageri, Shrikant: The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, 2000. ISBN 81-7742-010-0
  • Witzel, Michael, (PDF), EJVS vol. 1 no. 4 (1995), 1995, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于20 February 2012)
  • Witzel, Michael (ed.), , Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997

外部連結

梵語维基文库中与本条目相关的原始文献:
Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari
维基文库中与本条目相关的原始文献:
Original Sanskrit text in ASCII transliteration
维基语录上的相关摘錄: 梨俱吠陀
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