各國政體列表
各國政體列表 列出了聯合國193個會員國的國體(form of state)與政體(form of government)、梵蒂岡城、馬耳他騎士團以及十二個爭議領土。
此列表基本上列出各國憲法所表明的政體。務必注意的是,許多國家的實際政體與名義政體相違。
国家列表
世界各国政体地图
世界各国政体一览表
政体
总统制
总统制下,总统由选举产生,是国家行政机关的实际领导人。总统的选任与留任独立于立法机关。
在完全总统制下,总统既是国家元首又是政府首脑,通常情况下不设总理。即使设置总理,其任免与职权也完全由总统决定(哈萨克斯坦和白俄罗斯除外,这两国总理是实际的政府首脑)。
无总理的总统制
半总统制
半总统制下,会同时设置总统和总理,但通常总理并不完全是政府首脑,总统拥有真正的行政权力。
半总统半总理制
总统提名总理和内阁须咨询议会、得到议会的同意或依惯例任命议会最大政党领袖为总理,内阁与总统互不隶属,当两者分属不同政党时总统将丧失部分权力。只有议会有权撤换总理和内阁,但总统有权解散议会。
半总统半议会制
总统拥有最高的行政权力,总理可以不经议会同意直接任命,再由总理组成内阁。总统可随时任命、免除、替换总理,无须征询议会同意,总理代表总统接受议会的质询,向议会负责,其职位更类似于一个超级部长。
议会制及相关政体
议会共和制下,政府首脑由立法机关选举或提名产生并对其负责。多数国家将国家元首称为总统,是独立于政府首脑之外的虚位(非行政性、礼节性)元首;而政府首脑称为总理、部长会议主席等。
混合共和制和委员会共和制下,政府首脑兼任国家元首,通常称为主席。
完整的议会共和制
有虚位(礼节性和非行政性)的国家元首,由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门。通常国家元首由选举团或立法机关间接选举。
实权总统议会共和制
国家元首和政府首脑以实权总统的形式合并为一,其由立法机关或立法机关提名的少数候选人之中(如基里巴斯)选举产生,并且必须获得立法机关的信任。
君主立宪制国家
君主立宪制下,国家元首是立宪君主,其实际职责和行使职权都由宪法确立并受其限制。
虚位君主的君主立宪制
亦可称为议会制君主立宪制
国家元首是立宪君主,通常只有在获得政府、人民或其民意代表的同意下才能行使其权力(宪政危机和政治僵局等特殊情况除外)。
首相是政府行政部门的实际领导人,通常情况下也立法机关的领导人,国家在立法和行政上保持一致。但立法机关一旦通过不信任投票后,行政机关将和立法机关分离开来,整个内阁或部分大臣必须立刻辞职下台。
绝对君主制
亦可称为君主专制,即君主行使权力不受任何实体宪法的约束。
一党专制
一党专制下,法律规定政治权力集中于一个政党,该政党的运作很大程度上与政府体制相结合,党政合一。
部分理论认为一党制应当分为法理一党制和选举一党制,前者不设选举制且不允许在野党,而后者拥有一党制下的政府及党内选举制度。
外部链接
- Kudelia, Serhiy. . Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.
- In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
- Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
- Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. . Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.
- Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
- Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
- (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-08-28]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01) (意大利语).
- The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government.
- The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
- One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".
In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government. - The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
- The UAE's constitution establishes the state as a federation of emirates, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs, but each emirate in turn functions as an absolute monarchy
- The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its monarch, the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution, but all persons resident within the Vatican have consented to obey the Pope, either by virtue of being ordained Catholic clergy or members of the Swiss Guard.