各地LGBT權利

世界各國女同性戀者、男同性戀者、雙性戀者與跨性別者LGBT)的法律處境,光譜廣泛而差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻或其他形式的同性結合,視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分;亦有國家視同性性行為變裝為非法行為,以監禁甚至死刑等刑罰加以迫害

全球同性伴侶关系的法律现状
 
婚姻法制化
 
同性伴侶關係及其權利爭取的表達自由受限,但不違法
 
实行民事结合或同性伴侣登记
 
同性性關係违法但实际并未執行
 
事實上同性伴侣同居关系的法律承認
 
同性性關係违法且会遭受有期徒刑
 
承认他国或地区同性婚姻但本国不予登记
 
同性性關係违法且会遭受终身监禁
 
同性性關係不違法但同性伴侣关系無法制保障
 
同性性關係違法且會遭受死刑但未施行
 
同性性關係违法且会遭受死刑

歷史

LGBT權利的人權論述在1990年代左右展開,由國際LGBTI聯合會國際立即行動國際特赦組織以及人權觀察非政府組織提倡,並逐漸為歐洲加拿大美國的司法實體和聯合國吸納運用[1][2]

LGBT權利的立法範疇包括:

  • 增强对LGBT群體仇恨犯罪的刑事处罚,明令禁止LGBT迫害
  • 霸凌立法措施,保護LGBT孩童或學生
  • 工作就業和房屋租賃方面的反歧视措施
  • 不同性傾向和性別群體 平等從軍服役
  • 移民平權措施

反對LGBT權益的法律包括性悖軌法(sodomy law)的制定:處罰合意的同性性行為,為同性性行為制定較高的性交同意年齡,LGBT權利相關的言論自由以及集會自由結社自由受到法律限制等等。

2011年,聯合國通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案,隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告,具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。[3][4]

截至2020年6月,有29個國家[lower-alpha 1]承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,其中大多数国家位于美洲西欧[5]

69個國家[lower-alpha 2]和4个地方政府屬地[lower-alpha 3]仍有对同性性行為處罰的法律(這當中有些國家遺留殖民時期的條款未實際執行,但也有實際執行和起訴的國家,各國情況不一),其中大部分国家位于亚洲非洲[6]立陶宛俄羅斯波蘭伊拉克等國制定了限制LGBT權利表達言論自由的法案[7]

歷史上的法律狀況

根據學者們的推測,最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教法律中可能反對同性性行為的紀錄,是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜中的猶太人,在他們的經典利未記中紀載(雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記),規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑。而在同一個時代,在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。

一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭,不過類似的情形也在印歐語系民族的文化中可以發現,比如古羅馬律法Lex Scantinia以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith,或者是西元前1075年的亞述法律紀錄。[8].

透過傳統猶太教基督教伊斯蘭教的闡釋,懲罰同性性行為的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義的到來,那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家,將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義的政治控制擴張到世界各地。 中國傳統理念中對於同性戀情並沒有明確地指責,甚至在部分地區存在有「契兄弟」相稱的同性情侶[9],《聊齋誌異》等名著中也多有描寫。近代以來,由於殖民統治時期傳入的亞伯拉罕宗教思想及民間傳統觀念對於生育的認知,同性戀成為了一種「罪惡」與不潔的道德。中華人民共和國建立後,曾一度將同性性行為列入流氓罪進行處罰,直到1997年才除罪化。[10] 通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時,亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定義籠統,且法律本身並不針對同性戀群體。又由于文化大革命時期执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对非婚性行为者惩罚違背傳統生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口,而且實際案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为對同性性行為的非罪化與去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[11]

世界各國家或地區關於LGBT權利的法律規定

這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表,各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是,不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律,但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地,有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪,但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意,並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中,不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪,就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪,沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法,一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡的同性性行為,除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。

世界各地同性性行为除罪化状况
  1790–1799
  1800–1829
  1830–1839
  1840–1859
  1860–1869
  1870–1879
  1880–1889
  1890–1929
  1930–1939
  1940–1949
  1950–1959
  1960–1969
  1970–1979
  1980–1989
  1990–1999
  2000–2009
  2010-至今
  同性性行为合法
  男男性行为违法
  同性性行为违法
男男性接触人群献血政策
  男男性接触人群可以献血;无延期
  男男性接触人群可以献血;暂时延期
  男男性接触人群不可以献血;永久延期
  无数据

非洲

亞洲

歐洲

美洲

大洋洲

GILRHO

法律認可同性傾向之全球指數(GILRHO,Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation)

  • A. 成人間的合意同性性行為合法與否。
  • B. 合意的同性性行為和異性性行為相比,其合法性是否有相同年齡限制。
  • C. 立法明確禁止聘雇員工時的性傾向歧視。
  • D. 立法明確禁止提供財貨或勞務的性傾向歧視。
  • E. 對未登記的同居同性伴侶有無任何法律認可。
  • F. 同性伴侶是否可以登記伴侶關係。
  • G. 同性伴侶是否可能共同領養小孩或成為另一雙親。
  • H. 同性伴侶是否可以結婚。

[435]

TvT

TRANSREPECT VERSUS TRANSPHOBIA WORLDWIDE 页面存档备份,存于

參見

注解

  1. 南蘇門答臘省印尼)、亞齊省印尼)、庫克群島加薩走廊巴勒斯坦

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